What are the solstice and equinox dates for 2023? (Yes, the dates can change from year to year!) Here are the first days of the four seasons: summer, fall, winter, and spring. Plus, learn more about what the solstices and equinoxes mark (and guess which of the four seasons isshortest!).
The dates when the seasons begin and end vary depending on whom you ask. Each season has both an astronomical start and a meteorological start. It sounds complicated, but trust us, it’snot!
Note: The dates above correspond to the start of the listed seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. Times are based on Eastern time (ET). Subtract 3 hours for Pacific time, 2 hours for Mountain time, 1 hour for Central time, and soon.
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Is an astronomical “calendar of the heavens, ” so our book has long followed the astronomical definition of the seasons based on the Sun andEarth!
It’s commonly assumed that the warmer seasons happen because Earth is nearer the Sun (and the colder seasons happen when Earth is farther from the Sun).Nope.
It’s the Earth’s tilted axis that causes the seasons. The axis is always tilted in the same direction. So, as the Earth orbits the Sun over the 12 months of the year, different parts of Earth get the Sun’s direct rays.
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Look at the diagram below. When the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, it’s summer in the Northern Hemisphere. And when the South Pole tilts toward the Sun, it’s winter in the NorthernHemisphere.
You may have noticed that the first day of spring is on a different date than when you were younger. The dates actually shift over time. Why? There are several reasons, but the one that’s easy to understand is: the Sun doesn’t follow a humancalendar!
While our Gregorian calendar was designed to match the time it takes for the Earth to complete one orbit around the Sun, it’s not exact. Specifically, it eliminates leap days in century years not evenly divisible by 400, such 1700, 1800, and 2100, and millennium years that are divisible by 4, 000, such as 8000 and12000.
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Therefore, the dates of the equinoxes and solstices can shift by a day or two over time, which causes the start dates of the seasons to shift over time, too.
It can sometimes feel like winter is dragging on forever, but did you know that winter is the shortest season of the year? (In the Northern Hemisphere, thatis.)
Yes, the seasons are different lengths! Thanks to the elliptical shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun, Earth doesn’t stay the same distance from the Sun year-round. In January, we reach the point in our orbit nearest to the Sun (called perihelion), and in July, we reach the farthest point (aphelion). Read more about perihelion and aphelion.
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When Earth is closer to the Sun, the star’s gravitational pull is slightly stronger, causing our planet to travel just a bit faster in its orbit. For those of us in the Northern Hemisphere, this results in a shorter fall and winter, since we are moving faster through space during that time of the year. Conversely, Earth travels more slowly when it is farthest from the Sun, resulting in a longer spring and summer. (The opposite is true in theSouthern Hemisphere.)
In other words, it takes Earth less time to go from the autumnal equinox to the vernal equinox than it does to go from the vernal equinox to the autumnalequinox.
What defines each season? Below is a brief explanation of the four seasons in order of calendar year. For more information, link to the referenced equinoxes and solsticespages.
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On the vernal equinox, day and night are each approximately 12 hours long (with the actual time of equal day and night, in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring a few days before the vernal equinox). The Sun crosses the celestial equator going northward; it rises exactly due east and sets exactly duewest.
On the summer solstice, we enjoy the most daylight of the calendar year. The Sun reaches its most northern point in the sky (in the Northern Hemisphere) at local noon. After this date, the days start getting “shorter, ” i.e., the length of daylight starts todecrease.
On the autumnal equinox, day and night are each about 12 hours long (with the actual time of equal day and night, in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring a few days after the autumnal equinox). The Sun crosses the celestial equator going southward; it rises exactly due east and sets exactly duewest.
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The winter solstice is the “shortest day” of the year, meaning the least amount of sunlight. The Sun reaches its most southern point in the sky (in the Northern Hemisphere) at local noon. After this date, the days start getting “longer, ” i.e., the amount of daylight begins toincrease.Please note: The dates given on this page are based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which for practical purposes is equivalent to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). While Summer starts and ends at the same moment in time all over the Northern Hemisphere, the date and local time differ from location to location depending on a location's time zone. For more details see the explanations below.
Summer is one of the four seasons that make up the year. It is the warmest time of the year and falls between spring and autumn (fall), the intervening periods that lead from and to winter, the coldest time of the year.
Astronomical summer vs. meteorological summer There are various ways to define the start and end dates of summer. The two most commonly used ones are based on the astronomical calendar and the meteorological calendar. Astronomical and meteorological summer start and end on different dates.
When Does Summer Start?
Astronomical summer In the astronomical calendar the start and end dates of summer are based on the changing position of Earth in relation to the sun and the resulting solar events of equinoxes and solstices. In the Northern Hemisphere spring ends and summer starts at the moment of the June solstice, which occurs every year between June 20 and June 22. Summer ends and autumn starts at the moment of the September equinox, which occurs every year between September 21 and 24. In the Southern Hemisphere summer lasts from the December solstice (December 20 to 23) to the March equinox (March 19 to 21).
The start and end dates for summer given on this page are the dates of astronomical summer in the Northern Hemisphere and are based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which for practical purposes is equivalent to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT - the time zone of the United Kingdom). While summer starts and ends at the same moment in time all over the Northern Hemisphere, the date and local time differ from place to place depending on the year and a location's time zone. For locations that are ahead of UTC (further east) it may fall on the day after, and for locations that are behind UTC (further west) it may fall on the day before. To find out the exact date and time of summer 2023 in your area use this seasons calculator.
Meteorological summer Meteorologists, on the other hand, define seasons based on climatic conditions and the annual temperature cycle. It is important for them to be able to compare the same period of time in different years. The length of the astronomical seasons varies between 89 and 93 days, while the length of the meteorological seasons is less variable and is fixed at 90 days for winter in a non-leap year (91 days in a leap year), 92 days for spring and summer, and 91 days for autumn. While the exact definition of a season's timing and length can differ in different areas based on local conditions, in most of the Northern Hemisphere meteorological summer is generally defined as the three months of June, July and August, with the season starting on June 1 and ending on August 31.
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There is no official rule which definition of summer to use, and different countries adhere to different conventions. Most of North America and Europe use astronomical summer, while Australia and New Zealand use meteorological summer (however, as these countries are in the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposed and summer there lasts from December to February). In other cultures, eg. in the traditional Chinese calendar and in Celtic traditions, the June solstice is considered to be roughly the middle of summer. In the United States, with regard to cultural events, the summer season is often considered to begin on Memorial Day (last Monday of May) and end on Labor Day (first Monday of September), thus coinciding more with the meteorological definition of summer.
A selection of downloadable, printable calendar templates for 2023 with US federal holidays, suitable for a variety of applications. Available for Word, Excel and PDF.
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